Estrogen
Estrogen Information
Estrogens are any of a group of hormones that primarily influence the female reproductive tract in its development, maturation, and function. There are three major hormones - estradiol, estrone, and their metabolic product, estriol - among the estrogens, estradiol being the predominant one. The major sources of estrogens are the ovaries and the placenta.
Estrogens are any natural or artificial substance that induces estrus and the development of female sex characteristics; more specifically, the estrogenic hormones produced by the ovary; the female sex hormones.Estrogens are responsible for cyclic changes in the vaginal epithelium and endometrium of the uterus.
When used therapeutically, estrogens are usually given in the form of a conjugate such as ethinyl estradiol, conjugated estrogens, or the synthetic estrogenic substance diethylstilbestrol. These preparations are effective when given by mouth. Estrogens provide a satisfactory replacement hormone for treating menopausal symptoms and for reducing the risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. It is important to observe patients closely for any malignant changes in the breast or endometrium. Estrogen should be administered intermittently and in the lowest effective dose.
In responsive tissues (female genital organs, breasts, hypothalamus, pituitary) estrogens enter the cell and are transported into the nucleus. As a result of estrogen action, specific RNA and protein synthesis occurs.
Metabolism and inactivation occur primarily in the liver. Some estrogens are excreted into the bile; however, they are reabsorbed from the intestine and returned to the liver through the portal venous system. Water-soluble estrogen conjugates are strongly acidic and, therefore, ionized in body fluids, which favor excretion through the kidneys since tubular reabsorption is minimal.
In addition, scientists have been able to make a variety of synthetic estrogens. As far as we know, all these estrogens have similar properties and, therefore, much the same usefulness, side effects, and risks.
Conjugated Estrogen
Conjugated estrogen: estrogenic drugs, principally estrone and equilin, used to treat menopausal symptoms, and to prevent osteoporosis. Also see Premarin.
The pharmacologic effects of conjugated estrogens are similar to those of endogenous estrogens. The tablets are soluble in water and are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The injection is soluble in water and may be administered by intravenous or intramuscular injection. The cream is soluble in water and may be absorbed from mucosal surfaces after local administration.
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